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This collection is comprised of correspondence, documents, photographs and art works, and genealogical materials from England, India, the U.S.A, Cuba, the Philippines, and Canada, dating from 1838-1999, and related to Alfred Tripe (1818-1854), his sister Emily (Tripe) James (1817-1850), their first cousin Mary Broad (Tripe) De Rusett (1820-1898), and their relatives and descendants. Correspondence includes an extended series written 1866-1903 by William Francis James, highlighted by letters during his service with Roosevelt’s Rough Riders in Cuba in 1898. Nineteenth-century images include four art works, 100 cartes-de-visite and thirty-three cabinet or larger size family portraits. The genealogical material consists of a comprehensive Tripe pedigree compiled in the 1980s and 1990s, a James Family Tree c1880, and four related pedigrees. The collection also documents the development of a family fairy tale, composed in India in 1878, edited in England c1914, and fully illustrated in Canada in 1992.

Collection includes letters and postcards addressed to Lilian Wetstein Mendelssohn from Anne, Gertrude and Horace Traubel. Horace Traubel (1858-1919) was Walt Whitman’s literary executor, as well as a poet, essayist and magazine publisher. Horace and his wife Anne (1864-1954) cultivated groups of artistic and cultural individuals, as well as those that supported the beliefs of Walt Whitman, of which Lilian Mendelssohn, who resided in Montreal was one. Lilian Wetstein corresponded with Horace Traubel and participated in meetings before her marriage to Sam Mendelssohn. She later kept in contact with Horace Traubel’s widow, Anne, as well as his daughter, Gertrude. The collection also contains a small amount of material, primarily Christmas cards, with other members of Traubel’s circle.

Collection consists of detailed letters written by Kathleen ‘Doy’ Stewart, primarily to her parents, with some letters written to her brothers and friends, while traveling in Europe from October 1928 to August 1929, with her friend Kathleen Sutton. During the trip, Stewart stayed in Paris from October 1928 to March 1929, before visiting the South of France and Italy, and then staying in Heidelberg from May to July 1929. After Heidelberg, Stewart traveled through Germany, Netherlands and Belgium before returning to Paris at the end of August 1929 to journey back to Canada. Collection contains a small amount of letters written by Kathleen Sutton and letters that were written jointly by Kathleen Stewart and Kathleen Sutton. Papers also includes two letters from a subsequent trip, where she visited Romania and Yugoslavia, in 1932.

One-line-a-day farm diaries kept by William Smellie (1836-1919) of Glenelg Township, Ontario. Smellie’s handwritten diaries date from 1883 to 1916, with his earlier diaries dating from 1879-1882, here reproduced in photocopy. Through his daily entries, Smellie offers a glimpse into farm life in Ontario at the turn of the century. He not only documents livestock, crops, and weather on the farm, but also records important events in his family and community. The diaries also include numerous newspaper clippings and loose notes kept by Smellie.

Contains 13 photographs, of various Ukrainian-Canadian groups, events, and organizations from Ontario and Quebec.

Two volumes (holograph journals) containing an unpublished manuscript by Miriam Saville titled: ‘I Wanted to Be a Nurse.’ Includes holograph revisions. Story details Saville’s life, including her diabetes diagnosis and treatment.
Box also contains typed version of manuscript (69 pages). Typed manuscript was prepared by Janet Cartwright and Catherine Caufield (Saville’s nieces) and features a photograph of Miriam Saville.
Miriam Saville was a diabetic patient treated by Dr. Charles Best in the late 1920s/early 1930s when she was about thirteen years old, see mention of Dr. Best (“Dr. Charles”) on page 5 of both the holograph journal and typed version. First chapter of typed manuscript is titled: ‘Diagnosis and Dr. Best.’

The gift includes personal documents, photographs, a few DP camp periodicals, scripts for plays, and poems.

Contains series:
1) Documents and publications
2) Photographs

This collection contains letters received by William Robert (W.R.) Patterson from his first wife, Fannie Harris, and brothers, Thomas Patterson and Nathaniel Oscar Patterson, primarily pertaining to personal matters and their careers as singers and vocalists in both Canada and the United States. The largest collection of letters, numbering 22, are from N.O. Patterson to W.R. Patterson which includes a description of his travels throughout the United States and Canada with both the Famous Canadian Jubilee Singers and his own group, the Patterson’s Jubilee Quartet and Concert Company. Ephemera from the Old Southland Sextette and the Patterson’s Jubilee Singers exist in the collection in the form of two programmes dated from 1907 and [191-]. The collection also contains a small amount of letters to W.R. Patterson from friends, as well as letters to him and his second wife, Mary, from their sons, Robert and Philip, while they are working as porters at the Hotel London in the late 1920s.

This collection contains two photograph albums belonging to a German couple, Hermann and Emmi Meinhardt, which separately record their wartime experiences. Hermann Meinhardt’s album provides a personalized look at his experiences serving with a flak regiment in the Luftwaffe, which served in France, Austria, Ukraine, Romania and Russia, with photographs focusing on the war-torn landscapes, moments of camaraderie, and battle. Emmi Meinhardt’s album shows the experience of a young mother and her daughter, who were evacuated from Cologne to the Bavarian countryside. Together, both albums demonstrate a unique look at how the war was experienced on the front and at home. This collection also contains a selection of loose photographs belonging to Hermann Meinhardt, which were not included in the album, and date from 1941 to December 1942. Additionally, Hermann Meinhardt’s posthumous medals, including his Iron Cross and his Eastern front medal, were donated along with the photographs. This collection also contains extensive contemporary research on Hermann Meinhardt, his battalion and his military experiences, which was conducted by Inga Kahn, Herman and Emmi Meinhardt’s daughter, her friend, Barbara Tangney, and librarian, Danielle Van Wagner. A book, Vom Train zum Roland: Eine Geschichte der deutschen Flugabwehrtruppe (1988), contains a published account of Meinhardt’s battalion, I./Flak Regt. 4, which provides extensive context to Hermann Meinhardt’s album and photographs.

Arrangement:
Contains series:
• Series 1: Hermann Meinhardt Photographs and Medals
• Series 2: Emmi Meinhardt Photograph Album
• Series 3: Contemporary Research

Arrangement:

Contains series:
Series 1: Percy G.B. Westmacott
Series 2: Mabel Noble

The collection consists primarily of examples of cartonera books, and a few books published and bound in paper covers by Eloísa Cartonera. The collection also includes a book assembly kit, stencils, archival and publicity materials pertaining to Eloísa Cartonera, as well as video and published materials related to the Prince Claus Award received by Eloísa Cartonera in 2012.

59 original pencil portraits, most with ink highlights, each on a separate small sheet of artist's board. Most captioned in pencil (in Ukrainian) either below image or on verso.

The collection consists of German, Polish, Ukrainian, KGB and other documents related to the Ukrainian underground movement. It also includes extensive correspondence, clippings and other documents pertaining to the Ukrainian underground.

This collection of Polish uncensored publications and Solidarity/[Solidarność] material includes non-periodical publications, graphics, photographs, cassettes, medals, stamps, artifacts, posters as well as other material generated by "Solidarność” and related organizations in Poland and internationally. Periodicals, books and pamphlets which initially constituted the largest part of the collection, have been catalogued separately.

Some of the collection highlights include bulletins and documents issued by the Coordinating Office Abroad of NSZZ “Solidarność” and by international groups organized in support of NSZZ “Solidarność.” Canadian organizations and initiatives are represented extensively. In 1983, the call to expand the collection was issued to private donors to donate Polish Solidarity material in their possession, and the collection has grown since then.

This collection contains correspondence between Ezra Pound (1885-1972) and H.G. Barton, as well as between Barton and others, including Robert Harborough Sherard (1861-1943), regarding Ezra Pound and Oscar Wilde. Also included are prospectuses for works by Pound and Sherard, clippings, and prose about Pound.

Collection of maps, landscapes and some portraits, printed between the sixteenth-early nineteenth centuries. The maps primarily document Europe and European countries, with a smaller selection of maps of Asia.

Contains archival materials pertaining to French explorer Joseph de Brettes’ (1861-1934) expeditions to South America including two to Gran Chaco. Collection includes a steel cranial measuring device; a steel archaeological specimen; two offprint accounts written and illustrated by De Brettes describing his expeditions and scientific work in South America; and an offprint bibliographical outline of De Brettes’ extensive explorations in South America and elsewhere as well as his naval and army service.
Also includes album of autographs collected while in South America; 3 photographic identification cards; his personal library bookplate; an offprint poem signed and dedicated by French poet Jehan Rictus; as well as correspondence connected with his efforts as Vice-President of a Portuguese railway company, in particular dealing with a meeting with the King, including 3 manuscript telegrams sent from Lisbon September 1905 and 2 manuscript letters dated 1905.

Contains series:

1. Handwritten correspondence from Nelson Adams to Shelley Freeman, c.1976-1979. Includes postcards, printed cards, letters and attachments including samples of cards and other materials hand-printed by Nelson Adams at the Commonplace Press.
2. Letterpress materials hand-printed by Shelley Freeman during her time as a student and employee at CHP, as well as related project materials
3. Photographs of the space and staff at CHP and York University between 1973-1975. All black and white, unless otherwise noted. Extent: 23 photographs.

This collection contains photographs and a typewritten manuscript recording Raymond MacDougal’s wartime experience while serving with the RCAF in Canada. This includes a written description of his war work including posted locations, individuals he worked with, and projects he was involved in. MacDougal’s annotated photographs are included in his typewritten manuscript, The War Years 1939-1945, as well as in a separate album. The album, which had the pages removed for conservation purposes, largely details photographs taken for both personal interest and as a part of his role in the photographic and motion picture section for the Clinical Investigation Unit in Halifax and Regina, and at the No. 1 Clinical Investigation Unit in Toronto, a top-secret medical facility, which MacDougal often describes as No. 1 I.T.S. These photographs notably include various experiments including centrifugal force, oxygen regulators and decompression chambers. MacDougal’s collection also contains photographs of Canadian WWII aircrafts on the runway and in flight, as well as extensive aerial photographs of Toronto, which were captured during the process of making educational films and testing photographic cameras in aircrafts. There are also several photographs from the Victory Aircraft factory in Malton, Ontario including celebrations in November 1944 for the 100th Canadian-built Lancaster aircraft. The collection also contains memorials of friends who died in action during the war. This collection also includes a typescript bound manuscript and photographs of MacDougal’s biking trip across Britain and Europe with his friend, William Dalton Smith, in 1936.

This collection contains research materials and notes related to Browne’s travels as well as correspondence.

Arrangement:
Contains Series:
Series 1: Papers copied and translated
Series 2: Additional miscellaneous matter for 2nd voyage

Collection comprises more than six thousand sheets of engravings and lithographs illustrating the characters and scenery from British and some European plays between 1810 and 1940.

Examples of personal and institutional bookplates in various styles from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Contains 4 binders:
Binder 1: 1-001-1-367
Binder 2: 2.001-2.072
Binder 3: 3.001-3.088
Binder 4: 4.001-4.088

Binder 1 — A-B. - Binder 2 — C-D. - Binder 3 — E-G. - Binder 4 — H-L. - Binder 5 — M-O. - Binder 6 — P-S. - Binder 7 —T-Z.

Collection consists of material collected during the course of Dr. Frankford’s career as a doctor, health care activist and Member of Provincial Parliament. This includes reports, correspondence and clippings on primary health care, health service organizations, community health centres and material related to access to health care for marginalized groups. There are also copies of Dr. Frankford’s writing for newspapers and scientific and medical journals, as well as clippings on his work as an activist and other clippings of interest. Papers also relate to Dr. Frankford’s work regarding sickle cell anemia, and his participation in the Ontario Medical Association. His political papers includes speeches, presentations, reports and material generated during the course of his campaigns. The papers contain a small amount of personal material, especially regarding tributes made after his death.

Collection contains material relating to the lives and experiences of PVK Tripe and his wife, Elizabeth Rannie Tripe, during the Second World War. This includes logbooks, diaries, telegrams, letters and photographs from this period encompassing the experiences of both active service and the homefront. The collection notably contains PVK Tripe’s flying logs, which outline every hour he spent in the air between 1939 and 1945 and also includes squadron transfers, locations, missions and type of aircraft, as well as Elizabeth Tripe’s diaries from 1943 and 1944, with earlier selections from June 1941 and May 1942. Of particular note are telegrams received by Tripe after he was awarded the DFC, as well as letters written back to Canada by Elizabeth Tripe. Albums put together by Elizabeth Tripe, both prior to and during the war, outline her courtship with Tripe, their wedding and her life in Chester, as well as family members and friends. Loose photographs from throughout the war showcase Tripe in casual and professional shots, posing with squadron-mates, friends and airplanes at bases in England, Wales and Belgium. The collection also holds significant artefacts relating to PVK Tripe’s military career, of especial significance, includes pieces from his destroyed aircraft which were recovered by Karel Baetan and gifted to his daughter, Anne Tripe Crossman in 2013, his miniature dress medals, pins, cap badge and scarf, as well as pilots license and passports.

Historical Context:
In 1989, Imre Finta gained notoriety in Canada as the country’s first person prosecuted under Canada’s new war crimes legislation. On the recommendation of the Deschênes Commission, the Criminal Code was amended in 1987 to authorize Canadian courts to try war criminals, including suspected Nazis, for crimes committed in other countries. After leaving Hungary, Finta was convicted in absentia by a Hungarian People’s Tribunal in 1948 and sentenced to five years forced labor. He was known to Canadian authorities since 1974 when Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal alerted them of Finta’s whereabouts. The highly publicized criminal trial followed two libel lawsuits involving Finta which represented mounting pressure on Ottawa to prosecute war criminals living in Canada. In 1982 the Toronto Sun published an article and editorial which stated that allegations of war crimes made by Sabina Citron — a Holocaust survivor and co-founder of the Canadian Holocaust Remembrance Association — against Finta were false. Citron filed a libel suit against the newspaper and Finta. In 1983 CTV’s W5 program aired an episode accusing Finta of having committed war crimes. Finta claimed he was merely a dispatcher and filed a libel lawsuit against CTV. The network maintained that what they said on air was true, and traveled to Israel, Hungary and Vienna to obtain evidence, as well as using evidence from the Citron case. Witness testimonies gathered by CTV and Finta’s poor health resulted in Finta withdrawing his libel suit against CTV and his defense in the Citron action. He was ordered to pay $32,000 to Citron and $100,000 to CTV for legal costs. Finta was unable to pay CTV, resulting in the seizure of his house. Following Finta’s criminal trial, the Government of Canada announced a dramatic change to their strategy regarding war criminals. It would now revoke citizenship from alleged war criminals rather than prosecuting them. Legal scholars have called the Finta case one of the most important cases ever decided by the Supreme Court of Canada.

Scope and Content:
Collection consists of legal documents pertaining to the Citron v. Sun and Finta v. CTV cases, including videotapes of witness testimonies gathered in Hungary, Israel and Vienna. Includes a videotape and transcript of the W5 episode over which Finta sued CTV, documents in English and Hungarian pertaining to Finta’s trial in absentia in Hungary, fragments and a draft of Peter Rehak’s unfinished book about Finta, as well as newspaper clippings and interviews Rehak conducted on microcassette. Also includes a subpoena sent to Rehak from Commissioner Jules Deschênes and the Sheriff’s Sale of Lands in the seizure of Finta’s house.

Contains Series:

1. Materials related to Imre Finta’s lawsuits and Hungarian trial
2. Peter Rehak’s Research on Imre Finta
3. Peter Rehak’s unfinished book about Imre Finta

Collection consists of three cycles of original pen on paper drawings by Margaret Bloy Graham compiled into portfolio-style binders by the artist. The drawings in Look Out Browning: the British Poets Revisited and More Victoriana are illustrations for famous British poems selected from Palgrave’s Golden Treasury, a popular anthology of Victorian poetry originally published in 1861. The drawings are numbered and correspond to an accompanying list with excerpts from the poems illustrated, totaling thirty-six poems by twelve poets including Robert Browning, Percy B. Shelley and Alfred Tennyson, among others. The cycle Pictures with Morals features darkly comedic punishments for children who make mistakes like being too curious, sledding on Sunday, not reading the Bible daily, and trespassing.

Material associated with Alan Stein’s fine press imprint Church Street Press.

The collection consists of drafts and final typescripts of literary works, original art work, correspondence, juvenilia, printed appearances, printed material, critical and audio-visual material, and works about Atwood.

This collection contains material received by the I.E.A library, most notably including original publications, reports, press releases, speeches and periodicals produced by Indigenous Nations and organizations, such as the National Indian Brotherhood and provincial Indigenous groups, including the Union of Nova Scotia Indians and the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians, as well as the Canadian Metis Society, various friendship centres and the Alberta Native Women’s Society. Also included are original periodicals published by Indigenous Nations and organizations such as The Sun Dance Echo, Kainai News, Indian News and The Native Perspective. This collection also contains Indigenous articles, reports, and speeches, which were reproduced or reprinted by the I.E.A. and made available for research for a small fee, such as pamphlets, offprints and governmental papers produced by Indigenous and non-Indigenous authors on Indigenous issues and events, particularly responses to the 1969 governmental white paper, which proposed to dismantle Indian Affairs. Material related to the internal activities of the I.E.A are also present, most notably reports, minutes, their monthly bulletin, speeches given at conferences and independent projects, which are written and produced by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous members of the organization.

Collection contains nineteen Cree language instruction manuals written and independently published by Anne Anderson, which includes books designed for children at the elementary level as well as books written for older students and adults. The collection contains a small amount of archival material including two letters from Anne Anderson to James Fidelholtz, where she discusses her reasoning for choosing to teach Cree, “I being of Indian and white blood is doing this type of work as it concern the many different tribes. Only now after years of being looked down upon, we are looked upon as truly human beings.” As well as her qualifications in teaching, “If you are not Cree and if you do not speak the language, all the degrees in the world will not help. You need to have lived the life of an Indian and be fluent in the language and traditions to hold a degree in teaching this language.”
Also included in the collection are a collaborative book in Cree instruction produced by the Department of Education in Alberta in 1969, as well as four books written by Indigenous students attending Federal residential and day schools (Kingfisher Lake Indian Day School, Fort George Residential School, and Deer Lake Indian Day School), which were printed by the Department of Indian Affairs and the Education Division of Indian Affairs Branch of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.

Contains printed material related to the National Association of Japanese Canadians (NAJC) task force of First Nations Canadians, including meeting announcements and agendas; a small amount of material related to the Earth Spirit Festival held in Toronto in 1991; plus related correspondence. Also includes biographical and genealogical booklets on the Kabayama family, with photographs.

Collection consists of 34 promissory freight notes for merchandise and peltries shipped aboard the King’s Armed Vessels between British Garrisons on Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Lake Huron (1778-1787). This series includes thirty holograph notes and four printed forms with holograph additions. The printed form are likely produced by William Brown, Quebec’s first printer. Collection also contains 12 manuscript documents and letters on the hardships experienced by fur traders and merchants in their attempts to conduct business in the Great Lakes region (1783-1793). These documents primarily illustrate the experiences of three prominent fur traders: Philippe-Francois de Rastel de Rocheblave, James Ellice and Toussaint Pothier.

Collection of Thoreau MacDonald papers (1917-1981) and others in the Canadian and American art world in the 1920s.

abstract
Includes corporate files from the Canadian Bata Shoe Company (including correspondence; legal and financial records; product development, marketing and promotional files; technical and production-related files, and human resources files). The bulk of the material was created by the Canadian Bata company, however many records relate to several of the oraganization’s international outposts, including companies headed in Africa, India, Asia and Europe. The collection also includes press clippings and other publications about the Bata Company and its historical significance. There are also a small number of Bata family records, primarily for Thomas J. Bata (1914-2008), Sonja I. Bata, Tomáš Baťa (1876-1932) and Marie Bata.

The collection consists of minutes, membership records and correspondence of the League for Social Reconstruction, as well as letters dealing with the Canadian forum (1936-1940) while it operated under the auspices of the League.

The collection consists of papers (manuscripts, xerox copies of Mill manuscripts at other institutions and of published works, editorial notes) used in preparing the collected edition of the works of John Stuart Mill, edited by John M. Robson.

Collection of Bevington's papers related to the founding and running of Coach House Press, includes professional and personal correspondence and material collected by Bevington. Contains material from his time at Rochdale College and the files for SoftQuad, the company co-founded by Bevington that was at the forefront of the digital age in publishing. Library and Archives Canada also holds a significant amount of Coach House Press materials.

Collection contains personal and professional papers relating to Howard Engel. These papers contain extensive material on the novels,
books, screenplays, playscripts and radio episodes of Engel. This notably includes drafts for all fourteen novels in the Benny Cooperman series, many including prolific drafts with holograph and editorial revisions. Also included in the collection are extensive drafts for Engel’s final Cooperman novel, Over the River, which was slated to be published in both 2016 and 2018 but was eventually cancelled by the publisher, along with the complete drafts for two unpublished Benny Cooperman novels, and partial drafts and outlines for three additional novels. In addition to his fictional writing, the archives include poetry, articles, reviews, and drafts and proofs for his works of non-fiction. In particular, there are extensive drafts for the memoir of his 2001 stroke, The Man Who Forgot How to Read, the book was originally intended as an autobiography and several earlier drafts exist which detail Engel’s childhood, adolescence and adulthood. During the process of recovering from his stroke, Engel became acquainted with Oliver Sacks, who would later pen an article on Engel in The New Yorker and would go-on to write the afterword of Engel’s memoir. Their extensive correspondence, along with several drafts of Sacks is also present. In addition to material related to Engel’s professional career as a writer, including photographs and press clippings, as well as speeches given over the course of several decades. Engel’s career as a journalist, writer and producer at the CBC is well-documented through scripts and research written or produced by Engel, which is further augmented by audio tapes and reels. The personal life of Engel is well-documented through a nearly complete set of diaries dating between 1991 and 2019, with additional diaries dating from the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s and 1980s, as well as photographs, mementos and through correspondence of a personal and professional nature. The collection contains manuscripts written by other writers, often sent to Engel for feedback or as gifts, this includes drafts or proofs from Kildare Dobbs, Mavis Gallant, Eric Wright and Jack Batten.

Collection documents Levine’s writing process for several publications, poems, and short stories. This includes drafts, edited manuscripts, and handwritten notes. Collection also contains personal and professional correspondence, educational records, documents from promotional events, familial records, and teaching materials. Additionally, the collection contains publications of Levine’s work.

Legal and business papers and correspondence, chiefly relating to MacNab’s various property transactions, as well as a small amount of historical material relating to the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Also includes documents from the governing of the Estate after Allan MacNab’s death. This includes papers from MacNab’s sister-in-law and executor, Sophia Stuart MacNab, as well papers from her successors, Mary Stuart Daly and Caroline Daly. These records pertain to the maintenance of the estate, information on the mortgages owned by the estate and lawsuits.

The collection consists of holograph manuscripts and copies of manuscripts by Thompson, including two drafts for his projected book: a narrative account of his explorations in western America from 1784 to 1812. It also includes several sketches of mountain elevations, some of which were published in J.B. Tyrell's 1916 edition of the Narrative, and several other fragments of manuscripts by Thompson, typed transcripts of his journals, and photostats of other original Thompson material held elsewhere.

The collection consists of a small group of documents and letters by or about Rousseau, the bulk of which are notes on the history of women taken by Rousseau from a variety of books. He appears to have compiled these notes acting as secretary to Louise Marie Madelaine (Fontaine) Dupin, who had hoped to write a book on the history of women (the work was never completed).

Collection contains professional and personal papers pertaining to the life and career of Shyam Selvadurai. These papers contain extensive material on the novels of Selvadurai. This includes prolific drafts, most with holograph revisions, proofs and promotional material for all four of his novels. The collection also contains extensive research that was conducted by Selvadurai for Funny Boy and Cinnamon Gardens. Material also relates to two unpublished novels: one tracing the lives of the characters from Swimming in the Monsoon Sea as adults and living in Canada, and the other – The Vanishing Relics, which Selvadurai wrote during the course of his MFA in 2010.

Also included in the collection are drafts and published articles and stories, which appeared in journals, newspapers and magazines, as well as additions to anthologies which were edited by Selvadurai. Records relate to promotion and career of Selvadurai including articles and interviews, author photographs, readings and events. Collection also pertains to the personal life of Selvadurai with correspondence (primarily between 1985 and 2005), photographs and personal items. Other personal material relates to his education in Sri Lanka and Canada and theatre productions directed by Selvadurai as a young adult in Sri Lanka.

Contains Series:
Series 1: Writing and Publications
Series 2: Promotion and Events
Series 3: Personal

Personal and literary correspondence; notebooks with drafts of poems, unpublished and untitled novel. 1896-1946.